Organizing Work Essay Example for Free

Organizing Work EssayMcDonalds CorporationIt has become clear to upper focal point that the way McDonalds has been operate over the past decade is not helping in moving the company forward. Upper management feels that the company is falling behind, and changes must be do immediately. The changes need to start with how the organization is structured. Once proper changes in structure are made, it is believed that McDonalds go out then be able to implement plans that get out lead McDonalds into a successful future. The purpose of this paper is to figure out recommendations as to what changes in organizational structure would help McDonalds become more sufficient. Along with changes in structure the paper volition also determine what work needs to be through with(p), how it is to be done, and the approach that should be used to bring success pole into the organization.RecommendationsThere have recently been talks between upper management about making necessary structural ch anges to the McDonalds organization here in the U.S. The first recommended change is eliminating levels of management. Numbers of the past have sh give birth that the old traditional way of communication and prohibitions of so many levels of management had become a barrier to decision making (Jennings, Maze, 2014). The team agrees with this change and believes that the change should be implemented as soon as possible. The basis for this change is that it will help in bring the company closer to the customers.With so many layers of management it seems as if there is more time being spent arguing and talking to to each one other, rather than talking to the customer and making decisions. McDonalds marketing has shown that they need to adapt to the current customers needs of what they want. McDonaldspresident has worked for McDonalds for the move ten years, and he has seen numbers drop drastically which means, it is time for change (Jennings, Maze, 2014). Essentially it is safe to sa y that McDonalds is losing its relationship with its customers.Another huge change that McDonalds has been idea about is changing the number of divisions here in North America from three to four. It is believed that grouping the regions into four divisions, as well as eliminating some levels of management will allow for regional leaders to have more autonomy, and will allow leaders to set a menu based on the restaurants geographic location. According to the McDonalds website, Jennings, Maze, (2014), The changes are highlighted by the elimination of layers of management, giving leaders of its 22 U.S. regions more autonomy in setting the menus and making marketing decisions. These changes will also allow McDonalds leaders to restructure the menu to be more diverse to any ones eating habit. They will be allowed to market more things on the menu than just burgers and fries. Change is good, and they are excited to embrace it.How to do Work EffectivelyEvery organization has its own struc ture to follow. McDonalds current structure is failing when it comes to the customers wants. This is why upper management has been talking about restructuring the design by dividing McDonald USA into four divisions. These divisions would include, Northeast, South, key and West (Jargon, 2014). Each region would have a president in charge. Under each president there should be polar types of managers who know the finishing of each region. This will allow for the company to deliver the rightly product to the customers. They also need to remove some of the managerial levels because having too many managers results in decisions not being made. Eventually leading to a lack of growth in the business. McDonald needs to adapt according to the changes that are taking place in the world such as the economy, competitors and technology.They need to have basic meals that fit all regions in addition to that, they need to create current products to fit with the agriculture of each region. Swee t tea is a good example of a product that fits in with the culture in the south. Therefore it would be good for McDonalds restaurants in the south topromote sweet tea. However, sweet tea is not very popular in the Northeast so it would be pointless to spend capital promoting a product that no one is cheered in. This is where the president of the region would need to find another product to promote. One that will fit the culture, and interest of the people in the Northeast. This means that management in each region needs to focus on research and development in order to make the right decision. In addition, technology is really important nowadays that is why McDonald needs to work with Apple to create an account in Apple Pay. Customers good deal pay quickly and order their food ahead of time.This will satisfy their customers because most of them do not have the time to wait to pick up their meal. It will take both an individual and team effort for McDonalds to complete the work. Up per level managers will need to work individually to make the right decisions. For instance, upper level manager should study the region and try to figure out how they can enhance the product or create a new product to fit the culture. Lower level employees need to work in teams so they can satisfy the customers.For example, the worker operating the grill cooks the meat and when it is done he or she passes it to another worker to make the sandwich according to the customers preference. Each team member is important because if they are not propeld to do their work the whole team will fail to deliver the product to the customer. It is very important that there is manager in each branch to motivate and coach the employees. Managers must be able to fill the role of an employee if the branch was crowded and direct them to do the right job. The manager should focus on change magnitude the sales by satisfying the customers.Best ApproachMcDonalds Corporation needs to embrace that changes that are set to take place. Upper management will need to stick by their decisions, and have faith in their management. This means allowing the presidents in each of the four new divisions to take full control of operations within their regions. The divisions presidents must look to regional managers for input on necessary changes. It is up to them to find out what the customers want, and what the customers want is what they should get. Ideally McDonalds is expression to do two things when making these structural changes. The first is to keep the same basic product menu in every region, but allow for differentregions to add certain products that cater to the customers in that region. Second is to allow for decisions to be made more efficiently and effectively.ConclusionThe planning for these changes has already begun and sometime in the immediate future the changes will be implemented. These are good changes and the team feels that they will eventually make a significant difference in the boilersuit success of McDonalds Corporation. It is going to take time, but we feel these changes will lead us into the future on the right path.ReferencesJennings, Maze,, L.J. (2014). McDonalds Reorganizes US into Four regional Divisions. Retrieved from http//nrn.com/mcdonalds/mcdonald-s-reorganizes-us-four-regional-divisions Jargon, Julie, (2014). McDonalds Plan to Change U.S. Structure.Rettrieved from http//online.wsj.com/articles/mcdonalds-to-change-u-s-structure-1414695278

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

exposition and Technology EssayContents 4 Computer-Aided edition Tools and Resources Workbenches Translation permit tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided exposition tools Standards for data counterchange end point 5 Evaluating Translation Tools elevator car discipline systems Computer-aided variant tools Stakeholders rating methods General frameworks for evaluating supplanting tools Conclusion 6 late(a) Developments and Future Directions Machine interlingual rendition systems Computer-aided reading tools Translation systems with saving technology.Translation systems for minority languages Translation on the web Machine transmutation systems and the semantic web The localization constancy Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships betwixt topics and interpreting types Machine version systems Computer-aided interlingual rendition tools Conclusion Appendices References Index93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 lean of bods, Tables and Boxes classs 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3.5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9 Classification of definition types Machine supplanting good example Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided simple form translation mannequin Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation extremity model typeface of sentence representations Holmes schema of translation studies A schema ofapplied translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks instance of an side SL text and its pre-edited version Unedited and post-edited Spanish tool translation output Example of congenital and controlled languages.Example of original incline text and its AECMA simplified English version Example of natural English, simplified English and simpli fied Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illustration of the translation process exploitation a machine translation system Chronology of machine translation phylogeny Example of structural representations.Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4.20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2 Statistical-based model Probabilities workflow in the statistical-based approach Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web rogue Example of the w eb page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory system Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems.Flowchart to illustrate how to build a parallel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word round Types of tool used in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMXdata-sharing Example of a header in TMX Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation element in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation.Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluati ng machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Future-use model of translation technology Speech technology in translation. 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 one hundred twenty 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67.List of Figures, Tables and Boxesxi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20 Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of correct matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for bow Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database Classification of commercial computer-aided translation tools.Degree of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems consultation-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text expression addiction Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groupsand data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools.Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools. 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 clxxv 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5. 1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors Preface Recent years arrive witnessed momentous changes in the study of modern-day Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the one hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the command of early(a) languages a less compelling commodity.On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a issuing of umteen juvenile social, political and economic developments these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the ease of travel, telecommunications, commercial pressures raising aw beness of local needs, migration and purpose mobility, and a heightened aw atomic number 18ness of linguistic and human rights.Today, linguistically oriented students wishing to pursue a c arr in which they atomic number 18 able to further their gratify in languages and cultures would be much inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interpreting play an important part rather than traditional. Mode rn Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interpreting have been extended, crabbyly as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media.The role of translation is, for example, suitable increasingly important in the context of modern media much(prenominal) as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes. And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the police ships officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a different continent, have extended the previously physically confined nature of mediating the spoken word. non only do these new vistas open up opportunities for the professional linguist, they also point to expanding atomic number 18as of query in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, esp ecially in the case of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Studies.As a result, the first beget of this series, written primarily for the MA and advanced undergraduate student, is to highlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation. The second catch is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline.Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contributions. This give would have taken more time to complete if it had non been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched background information for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on percentage to attend a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7.I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision wisdom at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where most of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward Library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and Actuarial experience at the University of Waterloo for their help.I would also like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyr ight material in this book John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1 Eugene Nida and the Linguistic Society of America for the translation process in Chapter 2 John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc.for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2 Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI MalayEnglish dictionary entry in Chapter 3 Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the building of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4 Tony Jewtushenko and stopcock Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4 Enrique de Argaez at Internet solid ground Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, Springer recognition and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6. To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for trans lating from English into Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for every translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering some of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xv.To Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my sifu and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation passwords we had during our coffeebiscuit sessions years ago. If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and reason due to my country-hopping from Southeast Asia to northerly America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations.ACRoTERMIT E AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT delirium tremens EAGLES EARS EDIG spoken language of Telecommunications atomic number 63an friendship of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries Association of America reflexive Language bear upon Advisory Committee Automatic Language Processing System Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language Translator Japanese to English Automatic.Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and Defence American Translators Association British American Scientific International, Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne dEvaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English Central Intelligence Agency Cen ter of International Cooperation for Computerization Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar Technical English Chinese University.Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language engine room Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii.ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.European Terminology D atabase Aerospaceand Defence Industries Association of Europe European Translation Infrastructure dEVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe dEtude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/ back up Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International try of English Contrastive.Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International Organization for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasno sti Linguistic Data Consortium locating Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine.Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format xviii List of AbbreviationsMASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC season SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted.Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University multilingual Information Retrieval Machine Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance syllabus Optical Character Recognition Open Lex icon Interchange Format Operating System Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use Patent.Translation Pan-American Health Organization Personal digital Assistant Portuguese-English Sentence Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation.Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a lUniversite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio give tongue to Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xix.WebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processi ng of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Ontology World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language.This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be real. This is reflected in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources.The legal age of books and articles on translation technology focusing on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of view of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focused on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be useful to professional translators and those interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed.scheduling details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are included. Descriptions are abandoned to allow readers to further investigate specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using reference books cited throughout the book.It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and every one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best they are simply examples to il lustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technology.While researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving observational systems developed or being developed at a number of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will show that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature seems to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems.As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memor y system comes in many versions from the most basic to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be found in translator magazines and occasionally also posted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. Again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems.Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes winding in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the impression that they are not related to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology.Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some described in greater detail than others. In some chapters, a n abbreviated historical background has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation.However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a later time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of every chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confuse to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools. In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the perspective of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is thusly to clarify these terminological and related matters.An alternative perspective to the four basi c translation types fully automated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in relation to topics described in the book.The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the relationship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined.This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories known as formalisms in natural-language processing especially in the design of machine tra nslation systems. A different perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called controlled language is also presented. This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as architectures.The development of machine translation over several(prenominal) decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems. Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine tran slation systems because there is every reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are moving towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the desegregation of machine translation with translation memory.The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so standards for data interchange have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently a vailable commercial translation tools are also discussed.In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe.The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available o n the evaluation of computeraided translation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters. The sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech.This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not astray spoken. Another for m of technology called the Semantic Web that has the potential to improve the performance of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry.The book concludes by presenting an spread out version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is concluded that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no long-life able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology.Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book.It is not possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and easily even in this way.This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia.Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Int ernet sites may not be permanent at the time of the writing, every case has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible.1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows machine translation (MT) machine-aided/ back up human translation (MAHT) human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT) computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT) machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT) fully involuntary high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear.For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it machine-aided translation (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, computer-aided translation is used t hroughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term aided is chosen instead of assisted, as also in human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation.Figure 1.1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992 148). This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to sustain as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology.6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT)MT = machine translation CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source Classi fication of translation types Hutchins and Somers (1992) 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully automatic high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention. At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convince that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1.The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear. Both classes are considered to be computer- aided translation as indicated in Figure 1. 1 (Tong 1994 4,730 see also Slocum 1988 Hutchins and Somers 1992). However, in Schadek and Moses (2001), a different classification has been proposed where only machine-aided human translation is viewed as synonymous with computer-aided translation. Human-aided machine translation is considered as a separate category.The reasoning behind the view offered by Schadek and Moses is not difficult to understand. At least theoretically, the difference between the two is obvious. For human-aided machine translation, the machine is the principal translator, while in machine-aided human translation it is a human. In practice, however, it may be less easy today to draw a distinct boundary between them. The blurring of boundaries is further complicated when human-aided machine translation is considered as a subclass of machine translation, an approach chosen by Chellamuthu (2002). Since human-aided machine translation has 8 Translation and Technology the machine as the principal translator

Business plan for PARAMOUNT SENIOR CARE SERVICES

job plan for PARAMOUNT SENIOR CARE run preponderating of age(p) alimony operate Inc. (Paramount) is a new phratry health lot comp some(prenominal) in its start up stages. It ordain stretch forth in- property awe go to patients and clients from Halton-Peel percentage of the province of Ontario, Canada. Our value proposition is to offer whole step, personalized, customized c ar, deem and assistance to cureds and families to help them maintain their liberty at the comfort of their knowledge spaces at reasonable cost. Paramount has a unique competitive advantage it is offering a one-stop-shop dwelling precaution service for of age(p) skillful household health palm, companionship change and housekeeping serve home repair, renovation and maintenance at reasonable price. Paramount is providing the senior and families the benefits of living in an assist facility in the comfort of their take homes.There is an expected development in the demand of health c be in Canada over the next 30 years, largely due to unprecedented ripening in the number of seniors. According to Statistics Canada there provide be a 30% increase in Canadas senior world yearbookly from 2006 to 2016 or 4.3M to 9.0M respectively. The population dwelling housed in Canada is aging, including residents of Halton-Peel function, and more(prenominal) of the seniors opting to stay in their own homes as long as possible. unconstipated by and by their hospitalization for example, they rather recuperate at home rather than proceeding to a nursing home or rehabilitation clinic. At the rate of 57% growth of senior population in Halton-Peel region from 1996 to 2016 as projected by Statistics Canada, the senior population aged 65 to 85+ in the region for the next five years entrust be from 222,921 to 242,459 tr residuum is growing by 30% each year in succeeding years. Paramount customer base leave behind be through referrals from physicians, social workers, some other hea lth care professionals and club care facilities in the region. There is a strong competition in the market, however, Paramount testament position itself as unique one-stop-shop home care service for seniors with competent, caring caregivers and professional way.Our alliances channel model includes several revenue streams from services we offer such as skilled care-nursing care, personal therapy, speech therapy or occupational therapy companionship housekeeping and home repair, renovation and maintenance.In the home care business, the terms of payment for services rendered usually takes up to 30 days. In this regard, Paramount is looking for additional funding to support the cash flow for the sign operation, in the form of a 5-year loan in the amount of $50,000 at the prevailing interest rate. The company will not take up any further loans, as it plans to support the growth through its cash flow.Company OverviewParamount Senior cautiousness run Inc. is a start-up company in its initial year of operation. Our company will be located in Mississauga. It will offer in-home care services to patients and clients, who prefer to be aided and taken care of in the comfort of their own homes, from Halton and Peel District region which includes the cities of Mississauga, Brampton, Caledon, Milton, Oakville, Halton Hills Burlington.OfferingSkilled Care- Nursing, Physical Therapist, occupational Therapist, Speech TherapistPersonal Support CareCompanionshipHousekeepingHome Repair, inspection and repair and forethoughtValue PropositionOur value proposition is to offer quality, personalized, customized care, support and assistance to seniors and families to help them maintain their independence at the comfort of their own homes at reasonable cost.Mission StatementParamount Senior Care Services strives to offer superior and reasonably priced home health care to individual and families in Halton-Peel Region providing with competent, reliable health care and professio nal direction.Company OwnershipParamount Senior Care Services Inc. is a limited liability partnership owned and operated bySeverina Saliva-ParayaoanArlyn Gardon, RNBen DimaanoBusiness ModelOur company have several revenue streams from services it offers that includes income from skilled care, companionship, personal support and services, housekeeping and companionship, and other special services in home repair, renovation, maintenance and security services as outlined in the plot below.PARAMOUNT SENIOR CARE SERVICES INC.Business Model network tell apart staff office /ResourceCost/ExpensesRevenue StreamsCustomer SegmentsStrategic GoalsObjectivesKey Strategic Areas of Focus category 1Year 2Year 3Sales Revenue10% annual growth10% annual growth10% annual growthProfit before Interest Taxes40% of sales40% sales40% of salesNet ProfitAt least 20% of salesAt least 20% of salesAt least 20% of salesGeographic coverage- of locationsFocus in Halton-Peel RegionExpand nationwide thru franchis ing the companys business in Edmonton and B.C.Expand inter subject arealy- US East coast and the Islands of BermudaCustomer satisfactionAt least 80% customer retentionAt least 80% customer retentionAt least 80% customer retentionService OverviewParamount Care Services Inc. offers excellent home health care services such as skilled nursing care, nursing aide, speech therapy, physical therapy, or personal support services companionship personal hygiene, meals preparation, housekeeping, laundry, transportation and obtain. We also provide home repair, renovation, security and maintenance to upgrade home facilities adaptable to seniors changing lifestyle and physical mobility.The following are the list of services and its features. All aims to benefit the seniors and family with peace of mind, convenience and assurance of excellent personal health care and care of property- providing the benefits of assisted living facility in the comfort of their own homes.Skilled Care featuresNursing CarePhysical TherapySpeech TherapyOccupational TherapyPersonal Support Care featuresAssist in personal hygiene and groomingMorning Care/Bedtime CareCatheter careEtc.Companionship featuresCompanionship on travel fault care while in the hospital or at homeMeals preparationGrocery shoppingMedical appointmentBeauty Salon or Barbers appointmentEngage in interactive activitiesPet CareEtc.Housekeeping featuresCleaning inside the houseCleaning windowsLaundry, etc.Home Repair, Renovation and Maintenance featuresToilet and bathroom renovationInstallation of handrails in bathrooms or stairsPlumbingElectricalCarpentryGardening and Lawn MaintenanceSnow removalCountry Analysis- PESTPEST Analysis- CanadaEstablishing a senior home care business in a democratic country like Canada is projected to be successful. Canada has a strong and stable economy where seniors are protected and covered with health care insurance and benefits, and labor laws pertaining caregivers and health care professionals are in place to support the growing and changing implys of the countrys demographics, supported with highly advanced technological infrastructure with a general hospital in every major city and sound route accessibility.Political and Legal FactorsDemocratic countrywellness insurance for seniors are mandatory and well-establishedLaws and regulations supporting and encouraging seniors home care health servicesLabor laws and immigration laws encouraging caregiver programsEconomic FactorsStrong, stable economySenior citizens are provided with health care benefits and allowancesdevelopment population of seniors at the rate of 30% annual growth rateIncrease in demand in seniors home health care servicesGrowth in immigration particularly in health care professionSocio-Cultural FactorsSeniors in Canada are usually taken care of caregivers other than family membersFamily members are usually busy with careers and can afford to hire caregivers for elderly members of the family rather than to gi ve up their workSeniors prefer to stay in the comfort of their own homes as long as there will be proper caregiver to assistTechnological FactorsHighly technological infrastructure with very good access to telecommunications including telephone, internet, etc.Service Business-Industry AnalysisTo summarize the industry analysis using Porters Five ForcesBarriers to Entry is low, considering home care services are considered as home-based business threats of new entrants is high.Suppliers Power is low, although nurses and health-care related professionals are in demand there are more lot who are also getting qualifications in health care as second career as well as qualified new immigrants coming to the country.Buyers Power is high, considering there are more choices referrals and recommendation from key partners is highly important.Threat of Substitute is high, as there are many alternative service providers in the market.Competition/Rivalry is high, breathing large private compani es are dominating the market plus the presence of major franchise companies.Due to the increasing demand and growth of the industry, senior home care business is still consider to be an attractive industry even though the rivalry is high.Marketing PlanMarket Analysis stockyThere is an expected growth in the demand of health care in Canada over the next 30 years, largely due to unprecedented growth in the number of seniors. The forecasted numbers are below*.YearNumber of Seniors population sellRatio of Seniors20064.3 million13.3%1 in 7 population20165.7 million16.6%1 in 6 people20267.7 million21.4%1 in 5 people20369.0 million24.5%1 in 4 people* Statistics Canada, CANSIM, Table 052-0004 and Catalogue no. 91-520-X. 2005.Based on the above information, there will be a 30% increase in senior population annually from 2006 to 2016.The consumer base for Paramount Senior Care Services Inc will be patients referred by social workers, physicians, health care facilities and other health care professionals as well as satisfied clients and their families. The absolute majority of these patients will be covered by OHIP with a smaller portion being shouldered by the patients and/or families.Market SegmentationThe population based in Canada is aging, including residents of Halton and Peel Region, and more of the seniors opting to stay in their own homes as long as possible. Even after their hospitalization for example, they rather recuperate from home than proceeding to a nursing home or rehabilitation clinic.Population Estimates and Projections by CSD for Halton-Peel Region, 2001-2016Census limb1996Population2001Population2006Population2011Population2016PopulationPeelMississauga563,000613,000653,000676,000694,000Brampton277,600321,000382,000445,000510,000Caledon41,20049,00058,00067,00076,000Total881,800983,0001,093,0001,188,0001,280,000HaltonOakville132,300146,300161,300184,900214,900Burlington141,100154,800164,300172,200178,900Milton33,10037,10058,00071,00084,200Halton H ills43,70049,00054,80060,00065,000Total350,200338200438,400488,100543,000Grand Total1,232,0001,321,2001,531,4001,676,1001,823,000From 1996 to 2016, Halton-Peel regions population is projected to stimulate a growth rate of over 50%, compared to a provincial average of approximately 25%, as per Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term care Provincial Health training Database in 2001.Population in Halton-Peel Region, by Age and Sex, 2000 (Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term care Provincial Health Planning Database in 2001)Halton Region Peel RegionTarget Market Segment- Trends and GrowthBased on the above data, at the rate of 57% growth of population from 1996 to 2016 as projected by Statistics Canada, the senior population aged 65 to 85+ in Halton-Peel region for the next five years will be as followsYearHalton RegionEstimated PopulationPeel RegionEstimated PopulationEstimatedTotal PopulationProjected SeniorPopulation (65 and above)(13.3% of Total)2011488,1001,188,0001,676,10022 2,9212012497,8621,211,7601,709,622227,3802013507,8191,235,9951,643,814231,9272014517,9761,260,7151,778,691236,5662015528,3351,285,9291,814,265241,2972016543,0001,280,0001,823,000242,459The full size of the market representing projected senior population in the Halton and Peel region is 222,921 in 2011 to 242,459 in 2016 and expected to increase by 30% in the succeeding years.Out of the union market size, Paramount Senior Care Services, Inc target market share for the source three years of operation is 0.12%, 0.13%, and 0.14% or 276, 303 and 333 patients/clients respectively, at 10% sales annual growth as illustrated in the table below.YearProjected SeniorPopulation (65 and above)(13.3% of Total)Target Market Share in %Target Number of Clients/Patients/day (year)Growth outrank2011222,9211st-2012227,3800.12%23 (276)10%2nd-2013231,9270.15%25 (303)10%3rd-2014236,5660.20%27.5 (333)10%Our primary market segment includes those seniors 65 years old and above who require health care serv ices or companionship by home health nursing staff or personal support workers. As well as, individuals who have suffered stroke, and other physical ailments resulting to personal injury requiring rehabilitation care, respite care, speech therapy, physical therapy, or care management from skilled nurse or therapist or personal support worker in their own homes.These patients and their families may also require other home services such as meals preparation, cleaning, housekeeping, transportation and shopping as well as home repairs, renovation, including property and lawn maintenance, home security and emergency alarm.Target Market Segment StrategyInitially, our company will charge on those market segments that require solitary(prenominal) home-based services where our services are mostly needed. This will greatly decrease overhead, since additional office or facilities will not be required. In the long term, maybe after five years of successful operation opening of an assisted liv ing facility will be an option.Competition and Buying PatternsThe following are key factors considered by the consumer and healthcare professionals when referring home health care servicesTrust in the write up of the service providerReliability and timely delivery of servicesQuality of services by the service providerPrice comparative to other providers combative AnalysisKey FactorsParamountCare ServicesHomeInstead(Private)NursesNext Door(Private)Guardian Angel Care(Private)Public sector-i.e. Red Cross, twee Order of Nurses,etcStrengthOne-Stop-Shop care for seniorsFranchise proven business and strong supportFranchise proven business and strong supportHospice, palliative end of life careCommunity services and link with government/HospitalsWeaknessNew company with no strong clients base yetCategorize as more expensive in the industryCategorize as more expensive in the industryLack of personalize careLimited to health care service provided (no cleaning/ housekeeping)Unique Selling PropositionOne-Stop-Shop care for seniorsPatented CAREgiver programGuaranteednurses just next door of the clients vary in hospice, palliative end of life careCommunity service supported by the governmentTrust in the professional reputationMedium-as we are a start-up companyHigh-due to brand imageHigh-due to brand imageHigh-due to number of years in the businessHigh- due to established and proven organization and community serviceReliabilityHigh-24/7 serviceHigh-24/7 serviceHigh-24/7 serviceHigh-24/7 serviceHigh-24/7 serviceQuality of ServicesHigh- correct by lawHigh- regulated by lawHigh- regulated by lawHigh- regulated by lawHigh-regulated by lawPrice get off than franchise competitorsExpensiveExpensiveCompetitiveAs per OHIPNotesThe table above shows a strong competition in the home health care industry. However, Paramount Senior Care Services Inc is positioning itself as health care company providing affordable rates for seniors and families having a limited budget which represe nts a majority of seniors in the target market orbital cavitys with our unique offering of one-stop-shop services for seniors.Competitive AdvantageParamount Senior Care Services Inc. is a newly fit(p) up business that has a unique competitive advantage offering a one-stop-shop for senior care home health care and companionship cleaning housekeeping services home repair, renovation and maintenance at reasonable price. Paramount Senior Care Services is providing the senior and families the benefits of living in an assisted facility in the comfort of their own homes.Strategy and Implementation SummaryParamount Senior Care Services Inc. will initially think on Halton and Peel District within the province of Ontario, Canada. Within this geographical area we will target on senior home care program. Within this area we have two target markets the individual client, and the regional physicians, hospitals and other health care facilities and insurance companies.Marketing StrategyProduct/ ServicesOur primary focus is home health care services to seniors. We will provide seniors a One-Stop-Shop in all their home health care services need it will provide convenience for seniors and their families.Pricing StrategyOur company pricing system will be set according to OHIP and other private insurance regulations, and is reasonable and competitive. We will do so by developing a contracted service from health-care staff on hourly, daily or weekly basis and only limited full-time employees as full-time staff.Distribution StrategyOur company will focus in the Halton-Peel Region where the projected growth of seniors is higher than the national average. Our company will build strategic alliance with health care facilities in the region primarily Trillium Hospital in Mississauga, Credit vale hospital, and the new general hospital in Milton as well as community centers and health care practitioners in the region.Promotion StrategyMarketing our company as a service-oriented business requires establishing a good reputation for expert care and superior quality service. It starts with our existing contacts currently in positions to make recommendations and referrals to us, and we will continue with our efforts to network, integrate with the community health care professionals in the region.We will participate in community events in the region to build contacts and generate more referrals.We will create marketing communications and promotion materials in a business, professional manner, as well as our marketing tools such as flyers, brochures, business cards and advertisements.Sales StrategyOur patients and their families, as well as referring physicians and healthcare professional must be satisfied with our service, as we sell superior care, 24/7 availability, reliability and good relationships.Growth in service industry often resulted to loss of quality control that causes client dissatisfaction, increase in complaints and at long last loss of customers. In thi s regard we will constantly focus on superior quality of service.Sales ForecastThe companys projected annual sales for the first three years of operation are as follows based on the assumptionUsing conservative estimatesAssuming to acquire a share of only 0.12% to 0.13% of target marketAn average of six hours service per clientAn average rate of $25/hourTarget growth rate of 10% annuallySales ForecastYear 1Year 2Year 3SalesTarget Market Size227,380231,927236,566Target Market Share0.12%0.13%0.14%No. of Patients or Clients232528Ave. Hours/Patient/Day888Total Service Hours/Day184200220Ave. evaluate/Hour$25.00$25.00$25.00Total Sales/Day$4,600.00$5,000.00$5,500.00Total Sales/Month$92,000.00$100,000.00$110,000.00Total Sales/Year100%$1,104,000.00$1,200,000.00$1,320,000.00Direct Cost of Salesat 6% of Sales6%$ 66,240.00$ 72,000.00$ 79,200.00Gross Profit94%$ 1,037,760.00$ 1,128,000.00$ 1,240,800.00Geographic Expansion PlanYear 1- Halton Peel Region in the Province of Ontario, CanadaYear 2- To expand operation nation-wide by second year of operation by expanding in British Columbia and Edmonton.Year 3- To expand operation internationally by third year of operation to start in the United States by entering New York City in US East Coast and the Islands of Bermuda in the Atlantic.OperationsDay-to-day Operations procedure Location Main office in Mississauga with sub-office in MiltonOffice hours 830 am- 530 pm Mondays-Saturdays at the main office location in Mississauga.Operating hours 24/7 on call in case of appointment schedule, clients visit or emergency. There will be an assigned manager to handle calls during out-of-office hours on rotation basis.Client call and visit schedule.Staff and sub-contracted parties work schedule and identification making sure clients/patients will be attended as required.Office RequirementsTelephone4-in-1 printer, copier, fax and scanner machineComputer for office useOffice table and chairsOffice supplies- stationary, etc,Legal ComplianceB usiness license and registrationIncorporationTaxesBond, security and liability insuranceLegal documentationsCPA retainerHealth ComplianceAccreditation and certification from government agenciesCertification and qualification of staff and skilled professionalsManagement Information SystemQuickBooks software program for accounting, finance and payroll transcription and managementCompany websiteInternet connection and emailData Base ManagementCustomer Relationship ManagementCommunicationsBrochuresPrint adsPresentation folders for clients and partners in health careMedical Supplies EquipmentsBasic supplies in handling patients such as clinical gloves and masksRisk ManagementThere are several place potential adventures in home health care industry, our company have identified some of them and have established mitigation plan to manage the risk accordingly as described in the table below.Potential RisksMitigation PlanInjury, accidents and/or deathLoss/theft on clients property inside b reach of security (i.e. credit card use, unauthorized use of data by employees or third parties)Health care recording process quality control management in place to prove proper care or negligenceBond and insurance coverageLiability waiver context check on staff and sub-contractors/partners is mandatoryBond and security liability insuranceLiability waiverOrganization policies and procedures in handling documentations must be in orderData encryptionElectronic form and signatureOffsite storageManagement and Organization SummaryParamount Senior Care, Inc. initial management team will consist of a Managing Director, a Case Manager, a Maintenance Manager, six employees, and contracted caregivers and housekeepers, a contracted agency to fulfill the need for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Therapists. Initially, all managers will also provide direct service.Severina Saliva-Parayaoan has a Bachelors Degree in Business Administration major in Accounting and current ly finishing a post-graduate certificate in Global Business Management. She has over ten years experience in business development, management and administration. She will provide all administrative direction and will perform most of the administrative functions with assistance from the Administrative Assistant. She will also supervise housekeeping service.Arlyn Guardon is a registered nurse and has experience as a Skilled Nurse and Care Manager for a Home Health Agency will be the Case Manager. She will also provide direct nursing services during the initial stages of the business, as well as supervising the nursing and caregiver staff. As the need for the service providers grows, both managers will assume primary roles in management and will delegate direct service to employees.Ben Dimaano is a licensed home technician in Ontario and has over 10 years of experience in home repairs, renovation and maintenance. He will be the Maintenance Manager responsible for the HRRM Department.or ganisational ChartPersonnel PlanAssumptionsOwners will not receive salaries rather it will be in the form of a draw.Number of full-time employees will be kept to a minimum, any increase in labour requirements will be fulfilled through contracting.10% annual increase in cost of living allowance for the full-time employees.Managing Director- This full-time position will be held by Severina Saliva-Parayaoan. As owner compensation will be do in the form of a draw.Case Manager- this part-time position will be held by Arlyn Gardon. As owner compensation will be do in the form of a draw.Maintenance Manager- this part-time position will be held by Ben Dimaano. As owner compensation will be make in the form of a draw.Administrative Assistant (1)- this full time position is based on 40-hours per week reimbursed at $12.00 per hour, with benefits assume at 30% of total payroll.Skilled Nurse (1) this full-time position will be paid $22.00 per hour for direct service hours, with benefits assum e at 30% of total payroll.Personal Support Workers (12)- This full-time position will be paid for $12.00 per hour for direct service hours, with cost of benefits assume at 30% of total payroll.Housekeepers (10)- This position will be paid for $10.25 per hour for direct service hours with cost of benefits assume at 30% of total payroll.Physical therapist/Occupational Therapist/Speech Therapist- these positions will be contracted at a rate of $30.00 per hours. There will be no benefits attached to these positions as they are contracted on a fee-for-service reimbursement only.Personnel PlanYear 1Year 2Year 3Managing Director$ $ $ Case Manager$ $ $ Maintenance ManagerAdministrative Assistant$ 29,952$ 32,947$ 36,241.921-Skilled Nurse$ 54,912$ 60,403$ 66,443.5212-Personal Support Worker$ 359,424$ 395,366$ 434,903.0410-Housekeeper/Companion$ 255,840$ 281,424$ 309,566.40Total People232323Total Payroll$ 700,128$ 770,164$ 847,178Personnel SummaryPositionAdmin AssistantSkilled NursePersonal Su pport WorkerHousekeeperQualificationCollege GraduateAt least one year experienceRegistered and license in OntarioAt least 3 years of experienceCertified in OntarioAt least 2 years of experience indirect School graduateAt least one year of experienceType of employmentFull timeFull dateFull TimeFull timeSalary +Benefits$29,952$54,912$29,952$21,320No. of Positions111210VIII. Start-up Capital RequirementsThe following is the summary of the start up costs which includesBusiness DevelopmentRental ExpensesOffice EquipmentNursing SuppliesStart-up Capital RequirementsBusiness DevelopmentAttorney Fees- Setting up a limited company$ 1,000.00Business licence$ 200.00Medisoft Billing Program$ 5,000.00Professional Liability Insurance$ 3,000.00*Assuming 25% down of $12,000.00Workmans Compensation Insurance hold fast$ 500.00Premises and content Insurance Deposit

Colon Specific Drug Delivery

colon Specific Drug DeliveryABSRACTThe colon is a site where both local and governanceic delivery of doses can takes place. Colon limited medicate delivery has achieved importance for the delivery of doses for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon like crohns disease, ulcerative colitis etc. as considerably as for the dodgingic delivery of proteins, therapeutic peptides, antiasthmatic medicates, antihypertensive medicates and antidiabetic agents. A do drugs need to be protected from degradation, release and absorption in the velocity grapheme of lowlife and then to be ensured abrupt and controlled release in the proximal colon. This article re stares a detailed study nigh need of colon specific drug delivery, limitation and challenges, factors affecting colonic drug delivery, different approaches of colon including some successful novel approaches such as CODESTM, Pulsinicap system, Port system, Colal pred system, Multiparticulate system and likewis e a study on evaluation for site specific drug delivery to colon.INTRODUCTIONDrug administration by an oral route is the most convenient and important route of administering drugs for systemic effect. At about 50% of the drug delivery systems available in the market are oral drug delivery systems and these systems get more benefits due to patient acceptance and ease of administration. During the last decade considerable interest has been given in growth site-specific formulations for targeting drugs to the colon. Colon specific drug delivery has achieved increased importance not only for the delivery of the drugs for the treatment of local disorders associated with the colon like Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation but also for the systemic delivery of proteins and peptides, antihypertensive drugs, antiasthmatic drugs and antidiabetic agents. The colon specific drug delivery system should have capability to protect the drug en route to t he colon i.e. drug release and drug absorption should not occur in the stomach as well as the small gut, and the bioactive agent should not be degraded in either of the dissolution sites but only released and absorbed once the system reaches the colon.1Colon targeted drug delivery would additionally be valuable when a delay in absorption is desired from a therapeutically point of view in the treatment of diseases that have peak symptoms early in the morning, such as nocturnal asthma, angina or arthritis. The rapid advancement of biotechnology and hereditary engineering resulted into availability of peptides and proteins at reasonable costs there has been an increased interest in utilizing the colon as site for drug absorption. The potential candidates in this respect include analgesic peptides, oral vaccines, contraceptive peptides, growth hormone, insulin, erythropoietin, interferon, and interleukins (Saffran et al., 1988 Mackay and Tomlinson, 1993).2The colon is a satisfactory absorption site for peptides and protein drugs due to i) less diversity and specialty of digestive enzymes ii) less proteolytic activity of colon mucosa resulting in better prevention from hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation in duodenum and jejunum iii) increased systemic bioavailability iv) capacious colon residence time (5 days) and high responsiveness to absorption enhancers.There are event of methods or techniques through which colon drug targeting can be achieved, such as formation of prodrug, coating with pH sensitive polymers, coating with biodegradable polymers, designing formulations using polysaccharides, timed release system, pressure-controlled drug delivery systems, osmotic pressure controlled systems etc.Need of colon targeted drug deliveryColon targeted drug delivery system would asssure direct treatment at the disease site, write down dosing and fewer systemic side effects.Site-specific drug delivery system would allow oral administration of protein and peptide drugs, colon-specific formulation could also be used to prolong the drug delivery.Colon-specific drug delivery system is useful in the treatment of colon diseases.The colon is a site where both local or systemic drug delivery could be achieved. Topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, e.g. ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease. These inflammatory conditions are majorly treated with glucocorticoids and sulphasalazine (targeted).A number of others serious disorders of the colon, e.g. colorectal cancer, may also be capable of being treated more effectively if drugs were targeted to the colon.Formulations for colonic delivery are also suitable for delivery of drugs which are polar and/or susceptible to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the upper GI tract, highly affected by liverwort front pass metabolism, in particular, therapeutic proteins and peptides.3Limitations and challenges in colon targeted drug delivery systemA challenge in the development of colon specific drug d elivery systems is to set up an catch dissolution testing method for in-vitro evaluation of the designed system. This is due to the rationale after a colon specific drug delivery system is quite different.As a site for drug delivery, the colon provides a near neutral pH, low digestive enzymatic activity, a long transit time and enhanced sensitivity to absorption enhancers however, the targeting of drugs to the colon is very complicated. Owing to its location in the distal part of the alimentary canal, the colon is predominantly difficult to access. In addition to that the variation in pH values and different enzymes present throughout the gastrointestinal tract, through which the dosage form has to pass before reaching the target site, further complicate the consistency and delivery efficiency.Successful delivery through this site also needs the drug to be in solution form before it reaches the colon or alternatively, it should dissolve in the luminal mobiles of the colon, but th is can be a limiting factor for poorly soluble drugs as the fluid content in the colon is much lower and it is more viscous than in the upper part of the GI tract.The stability of the drug is also taken into consideration while designing a drug delivery system, because it may contain nonspecific way to viandsary residues, intestinal secretions, mucus or faecal matter.Low surface area and relative tightness of the tight junctions in the colon can also limit drug transport across the mucosa and into the systemic circulation.4Anatomy and physiology of colonThe gastrointestinal tract is hollow muscular tube. It takes in nutrients and eliminate waste by such physiological processes as secretion, motility, digestion, absorption and excretion. Depending on structure and functions, the gastrointestinal tract is divided into the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and hulking intestine. The large intestine is approximately 1.5m in length and extends from the ileocaecal j unctions to the anus. It is divided into four parts caecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.5The entire colon is approximately 5 feet (150 cm) long, and is divided into tail fin major portions. Peritoneal folds called as mesentery which is supported by ascending and descending colon. The right colon consists of the caecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure and the right half of the transverse colon. The left colon consists of the left half of the transverse colon, descending colon, splenic flexure and sigmoid. The rectum is the last anatomic segment before the anus. The human colon were shown in Figure1.The main functions of the colon is to make suitable environment for the growth of colonic microorganisms, storage reservoir of faecal contents, expulsion of the contents of the colon at an appropriate time and absorption of potassium and water from the lumen. The absorptive capacity is very high, at about 2000ml of fluid enters the colon through the ileocecal valve from which more than 90% of the fluid is absorbed6.The colon is involved in fermentation of polysaccharides and proteins, absorption of water and electrolytes and the formation, storage and elimination of faecal material. As a consequence of the functions of the colon, the colonic environment is broadly speaking viscous in nature. This could impact on the performance of drugs and delivery systems in this theatrical role of gut. Rapid water absorption in the ascending colon results in the distal colonic contents being more viscous. It has been estimated that the human colon contains only 220g of wet contents. In addition colon has a near neutral pH and is home to a viable microflora. These bacterium are involved in the fermentation of polysaccharides and proteins that have escaped digestion in the upper gut. Moreever the resident bacteria can also metabolize drug. The protein based drugs, insulin and calcitonin are rapidly degraded in simulated colonic contents5.Fig 1 Anatomy of colonFactors influenci ng colonic drug deliveryPhysiological factors1. Transit through gastro intestinal tractOrally taken dosage forms first enters into stomach and small intestine via mouth and then reach colon. The nature and pH of the stomach affects the drug release and absorption. In order to effectively deliver tablet to colon in an intact form, the drug delivery systems should bypass the roadblocks in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrointestinal transit varies from 1 hr to 3 hrs depending upon the condition fasting or non-fasting respectively. In general, the small intestinal transit is not influenced by the physical state, size of the dosage form. The mean transit time of the dosage form is about 3-4 hours in order to reach the ileocecal junction and the time period is inconsistent. During this time the dosage form is exposed to enzymes present in small intestine. Compared to the other region of GIT, movement of material through the colon is slow. Total time for transit tends to be highly va riable and influenced by number of factors such as diet particularly dietary fibre content, mobility, stress, disease condition and drugs. The colonic transit time is ranging from 20 to 30 hours, can be increase in front of active disease 50 to 70 hours. Longer residence time with subsequent longer transit time and the contact of dosage formwith micro flora in colon govern the release and improve absorption of drug from dosage form.7Table 1 Transit time of dosage forms in GITOrganTransit time(hr)Stomach3 (fed)Small intestine3-4Large intestine20-302. pKa of the drug, lipophilicity and gastrointestinal pHThe pH partition theory explains the process of drug absorption from the GIT and its distribution across all biological membranes. It states that for drug molecules of molecular weight greater than 100, which are mainly transported across the biological membranes by passive diffusion,the process of absorption is governed by1) The dissociation constant (pKa) of the drug.2) The lipophi licity of unionized drug.3) The pH at the absorption site.Since most of the drugs are worn electrolytes (weak acids or weak bases), their degree of ionization depends upon the pH of the biological fluid. If the pH on the either side of the membrane is different, then the compartment in which pH favors greater ionization of the drug will contain greater amount of drug, and only the unionized form of drug, if adequately lipid soluble, allowed to permeate the membrane passively until the concentration of unionized drug on both side of the membrane becomes equal i.e. until equilibrium is attained.The above statement of the hypothesis was on the basis of the assumptions that1) The GIT is a simple lipoidal barrier to the transport of drug.2) Larger the fraction of unionized drug, faster the absorption(D. M. Brahmankar et al 2009).3.pH of colonThe pH of GIT varies in each individual. The food intakes, diseased state, etc.influences the pH of the GIT. This miscellanea in the pH in differe nt regions of GIT is the basis for the development of colon targeted drug delivery systems. Coating with different polymers is done to target the drug to the site.Table 2 pH in different regions of gastrointestinal tractPart of GITPhStomach (before meal)1-2Stomach (during digestion)4Smll intestine6-7Duodenum6.6+0.5Ileum7.5+0.4 cecum6.4+0.4Colon5.5-7Rectum74. Colonic microfloraA number of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are present throghout entire length of the human GI tract. everyplace 400 different bacterial species have been found, 20-30% of which are of the genus bacteroids. The upper region of the GIT has a very small number of bacteria and predominantly consists of gm positive bacteria. The rate of microbial growth is greatest in the proximal areas because of high concentration of energy source.Concentration of microflora is generally about1011-1022 CFU/ml.It consists of Bacteroids, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium and Clostridium.Chief metabolous reactions carried by the enzymes released from colonic microflora are hydrolysis and reduction. Table 3 Different microflora, enzymes and their actionsEnzymeMicroorganismMetabolic reactions catalysedNitroreductaseE. coli, BacteroidsReduced aromatic and heterocyclic nitro compoundsAzoreductaseClostridia, Lactobacilli, E.coliReduced cleavage of azo compoundsN oxide reductase,Sulphoxide reductaseE. coliReduced N oxides and sulphoxidesHydrogenaseClostridia, LactobacilliReduced carbonyl groups and aliphatic double bondsEsterases and amidasesE. coli,P. vulgaris, B.subtilis, B. mycoidesCleavage of esters or amidases of carboxylic acidGlucosidaseClostridia, EubacteriaCleavage of b- glycosidase of alcohols and phenolsGlucoronidaseE.coli, A. aerogenesCleavage of b glycosidase of alcohols and phenolsSulphataseEubacteria, streptococciCleavage of O-sulfates and sulfamatesPhamaceutical factorsa) Drug candidateDrugs which show poor absorption in the stomach and intestine are most suitable for colon delivery. Drug s such as theophylline, nifedipine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol, isoosorbide dinitrate, oxyprenolol and low molecular weight peptides and Peptide like drugs have been shown to be effectively absorbed from the colon.b) Drug carrierThe selection of carrier for a particular drug candidate depends on the physicochemical nature of the drug as well as the disease for which the system is to be utilized. The factors such as chemical nature, stability and partition coefficient of drug and the type of absorption enhancers influences the carrier selection.9Table 3 Drugs in colon targeted drug deliverySr. No.CriteriaPharmacological casteDrug and active agents1Drug used for local effect in colonAnti-inflammatory DrugsOxyprenolol, Metoprolol, Nifedipine, Diclofenac, Sodium, Amylin, Antisense Oligonucleotide,2Drugs poorly absorbed from upper GITAntihypertensive and antianginal drugsIbuprofen, Isosorbides, Theophylline, Desmopressin Cyclosporine A,3Drugs for colon cancerAntineoplasticsPseudo ephedrine, epoetin, Glucagon4Drugs that degrade in stomach and small intestinePeptides and proteinsBromopheniramine, 5 Flurouracil, Doxorubicin, Gonadoreline, Insulin, Interferones5Drugs that undergo extensive first pass metabolismNitroglycerin and corticosteroidsNimustine, Bleomycin, Nicotine, Dexamethasone, protirelin, Sermorelin, Molgramoatim, Salotonin.

Leadership And Change Management At Tesco

leaders And Change Management At Tesco loss leaders are born, non do. Discuss the statement with reference to leadinghip framework currently I use in organisations.Leader is a person who persuades a group of citizenry towards the achievement of a goal. So, leader bas upon 3ps like person, people and purpose. They are more than intelligent energetic people who are initiative, energetic people who are initiative, ambitious and willing to take out responsibility. They may not always arrest the right decision, but they are confident in the decisions that they make. A leader is one who goes initiative and leads by example, so other bodies motivated to follow him. As a leader, a person essentialiness keep back an inherent commitment to the goal that he will struggle to achieve it even if nobody follows himLeaders are Born Not Made.Are leaders are born not make? It is an age-old question that has been on the minds of many throughout history. The rationale behind this executiv e summary is to prove that the statement leaders are born, not made but only to a certain extent. I want to discuss this statement with references either leaders are made or born.According to lockhart Ecerett leaders are those who countenance abilities to guides or inspires to other, they always make right decision and they know at what time and what place they take decision. Leaders recognized not chosen so we can say leaders have hidden qualities those other dont have. They have intangible characteristic which we gear explain, but we can suck in it when we recognize it. http//blogs.computerworld.com/node/3914Great Leaders are Made, Not BornSome time more educated and motivated persons dont know how to lead others. So they dont do precise well in them and they dont assume leadership posts. So they and other person assume that they were not born leader by deliver. all country, any organization even a family need a good leader then families can fix dysfunctional. But research shows that leaders depends slight on some innate trait you are born with, and much more on exact principles that anyone can follow.Here i would like to supply an example of a greatest military leader General Hoyt S. Vandenberg. He becomes the U.S. Air Forces second Chief of Staff. He says that he was dismissed from the Academy for wishing of leadership ability at the end of his first year. He took note and applied himself and follow the leadership government agencys and he become very successful leader and he continued to develop himself afterwards.Now question is that what are the principles you must follow to become successful leader. These are eight laws of leadership which are sounding very easy but you see, they are not always so easy to follow.Maintain absolute integrity.Know your stuff.Declare your expectations.Show uncommon commitment. stop positive pass ons.Take care of your people or customers.Put duty before self.Get out in front.LeadershipLeadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen (Michael D. Noonan).1. In simple words we can say leadership is the art of prompt a group of people to achieve a common goal. Contrary to the myth that only a lucky few can ever hunt the mystery of leadership, our research has shown us that leadership is an observable, check outable set of practices. its a process ordinary people use when theyre bringing forth the best from themselves and others. Liberate the leader in understandable and universal process. James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner.2Background of TescoI would like to discuss leadership framework by giving the reference of well cognize Tesco Company. Tesco is the biggest retailer with over 2,200 stores. That is worlds third biggest grocery retailer and diversified into banking, insurance and other areas. About 280,000 employees are working in UK and over460, 000 all over the world. The fundamental key of success of continuous growt h of Tesco is better knowledge, skills and job satisfaction of employees. The mission statement is to creating value for customers to earn their lifetime trustworthiness and the vision of the conjunction is to focus on customers and the companys people. Objectives of the company are (1) growth in sales, returns and profits, (2) by providing quality products and services we can satisfy the customer and gain their loyalty, and (3) satisfy its shareholders/stakeholders (Tesco yearbook Report, 2009 Tesco Annual Report, 2008).Current Models and theories of leadership applicable in TescoLeadership Trait TheoryThe words of John Adair who is the most influential leadership gurus, leader necessitate to exhibit certain attributes, characteristics and qualities in order to effectively make their duties. These areGroup Influence-To achieve desired goal or objectives a leader must generate willingness in Tesco.Command- Tesco leader have command upon quick decision as on demand.Coolness- lead er composed under testing or exhausting conditions.Judgment- good judgment.Trait theories are regarding to personality and physical traits characteristics. The trait approach is considered too simplistic as a justification of the complex leadership phenomenon.httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHiIb7isjqUI-YXNtlW59vryyxMa_CdL7W3FBh54ZXORmy60rq9oO1bixYsVtzOYzXewiK5sIBTcnfFnSjXxNiH_FHJ_VLioJoUo6Lp1yxOUf_JhR0BUgQgRpx0TmhQoflRuQBiVeazAnm/ Leadership Theory (Tesco)Tesco is measured as the most successful retail company in the United Kingdom. The achievement of Tesco was herald by the ap layoverment of Terry Leahy as the Chief Executive Officer. His aim for the company to become more customer-focused and to develop the companys work force. According to his point of view, there are four things that a leader must depart to his workers.A job that is interesting to doA chance to get on in lifeTo be treated with celebrateA boss who is some help and not their biggest problemLeadership Model Bases of PowerOne of the most popular models of leadership is bases o f part. In 1959 French and pig it introduced the five bases of power model. Terry Leahys is the CEO of Tesco. He is most famous leader among their followers and he have three powers like legitimate power, undecomposed power and referent power among five power like coercive power, reward power, expert power, legitimate power and referent power. Leahy achieved legitimate power when he becomes CEO of Tesco. By this power he was in able to lead the company people, as well as he have expert power like scientific knowledge, skills, quick decision maker, and good communication and so on. Referent power is leader charisma and it is base on leaders respect and attraction upon his followers. Leahy is very famous leader among his team.Leadership Mode Action-Cantered LeadershipMost famous guru of leadership is John Adair he is the worlds first Professor of leadership Studies at the University of surrey and he work hard for the development of leadership. He is well known for the Action Centr ed Leadership (ACL) model of leadership. Action Centred Leadership model have three main points mention below.Task achievementTeam maintaining and buildingIndividual developmentAction-Centred leadership is not suitable for the modern organizations because it is based on hierarchical structure of the organization that is suitable for those organizations that are highly authoritarian.Current and Future Requirements of TescoCurrent Requirements of TescoHuman resource are playing important role in development of an organization in to mean solar day highly competitive business line environment. Companys people are worth and they have completive edge. Now a day for employee motivation people are conceder business partner in this since they work hard, more participative, they feel more powerful and they feel more satisfaction in organization. Employee empowerment helpful in quick decision, trust, faster changes and improve better communication horizontally and vertically.Development of pa rticipative management skills in leaders is the most important requirement of Tesco and they should possess the necessary skills in order for them to practice participative leadership appropriately. Leaders must hold on communication, flexibility, synergy, cooperation, arbitration, conflict declaration, interest and concern.Future requirements of TescoLeader must be a director, he must earn the trust of his followers, and he must be kind hope and optimism and must be result driven. Leader should not focus on present circumstances but also long term planning, long term mission and vision in his mind, and shear their vision with their followers, they should get their trust and loyalty because up boulder clay your follower are not satisfied and not loyal with you and you organization you cant survive and you cant achieve long-term goals of an organization.Development of leadershipFor the leadership development provide learning opportunities to employees and must recognise that is prima ry place to learn more over outside the organization they should also provide facilities to shear their knowledge and learn more and more. The company should hair educated and experience employees, and surpass facility to learn and understand those countries where Tesco is operating. The organization must ha a Business Leadership Development institute within the organization under HRM department to trained employees.Business Leadership Development should use systematic ways do development of leaders and they should provides career opportunities.Either training is necessary for business development?It is necessary for growth of Tesco to select right people, in the right place at the right time, and trained them according to the demand of time. What are the requirements for workforce planning?New setup required new staff with perfect knowledge about customer profiles.Different type of skilled employee required in-store and non-stores based posts.Wide-ranging skilled employee perform s better then less skilled employees.Tesco have good check and balance upon the efficiency of employees to look forward to possible skills shortages. Tesco provide opportunity of training to their employee and employee can apply for training on annual basses. The leadership framework of Tesco focus on three key themes focus on customer, work with others and personal behaviour. These three themes are very helpful to assessment of framework and also helpful to identify employees with the probable to be the, best leaders of the future. Employee feel gaps between their efficiency to fulfil this gaps employees and line managers have training opportunity.So, several benefits for employees when they get training like,Their sense of ownership increases in the business.They can perform better job than before and they can easily understand customers problem and able to solve them.By getting new skills and training they are more effective in their role.Tesco provide training by two flexible wa ys on-the-job training and off-the-job training. On-the-job training is very suitable for employees because it is relevant and they understand easily and they feel part of the team. As well as this way is also suitable for company because it is cheaper and easy to manage. These methods are use.By tush training.Through coaching of trainees problems in job.Monitoring through experienced person.By giving full responsibility for a job on a working(prenominal) basis.Off-the-job is also suitable way for training in specific new skills like presentation skills etc.Qualities required of people in leadership positionMany debates upon either leader are mad or born. But I think true leader is that how ignore such arguments and always in a try to improve his qualities which are very important to become a successful leader. A good leader should be an ability to make and select easier way for people who want to follow him. Leader should have at least five leadership qualities. These qualities a re leader should be money plantForward -lookingCompetentInspiringIntelligentThese all qualities should be in a leader, that is not an easy task but with practice you can become more inspiring, honest and competent. As you are honest with your follower you can make a good team, as you are forward-looking you can take quick and good decisions, as you are more competent so you have edge upon your competitor, as you are inspiring you will upon your followers and as you are more intelligent so you will do every work efficiently.One Quality of leadership is HonestyEverybody wants his leader should be very honest, some time they start their career because they think their leader is honest because of the authority of their position. Some time leaders miss an opportunity to show honestness is in conduct mistake Mostly leaders try new things and change the conceit which are not working and sometime leader reduce failure and they dont want to admit when something is wrong.Leadership as a Fo rward-lookingForward-looking is bass on where you are now and where you want to go. Up till you dont communicate actively with people where you want to go nobody will listen you. If you dont prove that you are forward-looking against people, so you should suffer following problems.You dont have a forward-looking vision.You cant share vision with others what you have.So when you dont have vision for future obviously you sped lot of time today because you dont have idea of tomorrow and up till you cant think about future you cant become a good planer and strategist.ConclusionAccording to my point of view people can learn to become leaders by intent on improving particular leadership skills, which they are by birth leadership abilities then others. No dugout some abilities are GOD gifted just like a good singer have a good voice by birth, when he make practice, so he more and more polish his voice and he become perfect singer. So we can say practice makes perfect. If we follow the law of leadership and practice on it we become a successful leader.

Wrights Native Son as Communist Manifesto? :: Native Son Essays

Wrights Native Son as Communist Manifesto?           Was Richard Wrights Native Son a story about his views towards Capitalism and Communism ? Did Richard Wright want to show the good and bad points towards Capitalism and Communism ? Or was this novel solely about how a young man went through life and how society made him. Richard Wrights Native Son shows that he used the Daltons, Thomass, and Jan Erlone to represent Capitalism and Communism .         After construe Richard Wrights Native Son, many believe the author purposely placed the Thomas family in a small, run-down home . The book shows this right from the start . bigger and his family had to sleep in the same room, and big bottoms were running around the house . This shows the Thomas family represented the lower class, a trademark of Capitalism . I could not even imagine living there, especially with that huge rat .The house must have been very dirty and disgu sting by todays standards . The author valued to show how some families live under these severe conditions. He made us see vividly how they lived with this quote . A huge black rat squealed and leaped at Biggers trouser-leg and snagged it in his teeth, hanging on. This showed how broke they were by showing that there were giant rats living with them and how it had no fear of them .         Richard Wright did not just not just want to show the con sides to Capitalism, he also wanted to prove the Capitalism has its good sides to it also . For instance, Richard Wright purposely placed the Daltons in a spectacular house and made them very rich and famous . Another trademark of Capitalism, the upper class. The author showed how some of the Capitalist folks lived . The upper class is very wealthy and basically gets what they want . Mr. and Mrs. Dalton had it made. They had chauffeurs, a huge house, and cars . They had too much money . They were giving away things to the broken, though they were giving away useless things to the needy like Ping- Pong tables. Richard Wright wanted to show that the upper class were afraid of the blacks . Not afraid of their individual physical strength, but

William Carlos Williams This is Just to Say Essay -- Poem Williams Th

William Carlos Williams This is exactly to Saypoem (p m) noun1. A verbal com stake designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and visionary way, characterized by the use of language chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme.2. A composition in verse rather than in prose.3. A literary composition written with an intensity or beauty of language more characteristic of poetry than of prose.-- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, there are three incompatible definitions of a poem. William Carlos Williams highly anthologized poem, This Is Just to Say, fits only one of those descriptions. The single reason it can be classified as a poem is that it is written in verse. In all else, This Is Just to Say fails not only as a poem, but as an interesting work of writing. This Is Just to Say makes abruptly no use of any literary techniques. It lacks rhyme, meter, metaphor, simile, symbol, analogy, allusion and any other device one can think of. The only alliteration present is in the hour to last line and is otherwise so sparse as to make that bit seem accidental. Any person attempting to read the poem as a metaphor for a variety of larger conflicts, as the opponent of this particular paper claims, is making it up out of whole cloth and giving Williams utmost too much credit. True, there are three stanzas, each composed of four lines, but that hardly qualifies a piece as a sure-enough(prenominal) poem. There is no discernable pattern of syl... ...had been fooled. Its about time that somebody called the emperors bluff. Not even Williams himself originally intended This Is Just to Say to be read as a poem, so any attempt to defend it as one is doomed to fail. Unless, of course, the person defending that position is of the belief that any set of words strung together with the proper line breaks is magically transformed into a poem. In that case, e veryone with a Magnetic song Kit deserves to be as famous. William Carlos Williams simply took two ordinary sentences, chopped them up into lines and stanzas, and called it poetry. The so-called poem This Is Just to Say is in reality zip more than two thinly disguised, unremarkable lines of prose. The name of all poetry is cheapened when people call notes such as these poems. The truth is, This Is Just to Say says very little indeed.